Ukuphawula indatshana
Indatshana ilembali ende njengaye umuntu ngoba ibiyindlela yokukhulumisana ebantwini. Lolu yilo uhlobo lwelithiritsha olulembali evela kude. Kumasiko abansundu inganekwane luhlobo lwendatshana obeluyindlela yokukhulisa abantwana, ukulaya, ukufundisa ngamasiko, ngolimi langembali yabantu. Imilando, indaba zabazingeli lazo zindatshana ebezikhona kulithiritsha yomdabu.
Imibono ngendatshana
Nanzelela imibono le ngendatshana.
- Okwesikhathi eside indatshana elotshiweyo ibingabonakali njengohlobo lwelithiritsha oluzimele lodwa. Indatshana ibivezwa njengomntwanyana wenoveli ngakho kungadingeki ukuthi icutshungulwe, ichwayisiswe ngababukezi labaqeqeshi ngoba impawu zayo zingezenoveli. Ngalokhu inoveli ibikhutshwa iyilithiritsha elohlonzi, ephakemeyo njalo yiyo ebifundiswa lasezikolo kuthi indatshana ibisibhaxela khonapho nxa ithe yakhangelwa. Ngalokhu indatshana ibikhutshwa iyinto engelancedo oluqhamileyo kangako. Ibe iyindaba nje eyokuzikholisisa, elula, engadingi kujula kwenqgondo ekuyibumbeni lekuyicubunguleni. Ibibonakala njengomlaza nje okhutshwe amasi, amasi kuyinoveli. Ngokunjalo ihlale isikhathi eside ingaphiwa sisindo.
- Lamhlanje abaqeqeshi sebekubonile bakuveza ukuthi indatshana luhlobo lombhalo oluzimele lodwa, olulempawu zalo ezimqoka, olulomsebenzi omkhulu kumpakathi, olulesisindo lohlonzi. Sekunanzelelwe ukuthi loluhlobo lombhalo yilo oluveza ngcono iziphithiphithi, ingxaki kanye lezigigaba zempilo yalamuhla. Yilo njalo uhlobo lombhalo oluveza ngcono imizwa. Liqiniso ukuthi impawu zendatshana zifana lezenoveli kodwa singabelokhu siyibelethisa kunoveli indatshana ngeke ithuthuke ngoba yonke imihlobo yelithiritsha ikhula ngokucutshungulwa.
Izibonakaliso zendatshana
Indatshana ilezibonakaliso ezilandelayo
- Okwakuqala kumele ibemfitshane. Abalobi kabavumelani mayelana lenani lamabala. U-Edgar Allan Poe (1974) uthi, obala indatshana kumele ayibale kanye, ayiphutshe. Ikanti inoveli ingabalwa iviki loba amalanga. Kumele siqaphele mayelana lobufitshane lobu. Abutsho ukuthi indatshana yinto elula ukubumba, kodwa isuka ibenzima ngenxa yalobubufitshane. Kutsho njalo ukuthi kumele kubelobuciko obuphakemeyo ukuze uphume lodaba olupheleleyo usebenzisa zonke impawu zendatshana. Ubufitshane bayo abutsho ubulula kodwa butsho ukulethwa ndawonye kwempawu zonke ngobunengi bazo.
- Indatshana kumele ibike ngocezu lwempilo olulodwa. Ngamafitshane, akumelanga ibe lengatsha zendikimba (sub-themes) ezinengi njengenoveli.
- Kukhangelelwe umlingiswa omqoka oyedwa kundatshana. Udaba lonke lugqagqele lumlingiswa, ingxaki yonke igoqela yena njalo.
- Indatshana kumele ibe labalingiswa abalutshwana, abalandelekayo njalo bengathuthukiswanga.
- Kumele ibe lokuhlelwa okucacileyo okukodwa.
NB. Ngamafitshane indatshana ngumbhalo wokubika omfitshane, oveza ucezu lwempilo kusetshenziswa umlingiswa omqoka oyedwa kanti njalo ilokuhlelwa kwezehlakalo okukodwa okufinqiweyo.
Impawu zendatshana
Impawu ezimqoka zendatshana zigoqela lezi ezilandelayo
- Isethingi (setting)
- Ukuhlelwa kwezehlakalo (plot). Lolu yilo uphawu olumqoka oluyimbeleko yazo zonke ezinye impawu njalo yilo oluyikhanda lesitimela esithwala udaba sona silamatilokisi atshiyeneyo kusuka ekhanda kuze kuyefika emsikeni.
Lamatilokisi agoqela lokhu;
a) Isendlalelo (exposition)
b) Ukuphothuluka kodaba (unfolding action)
c) Uvuthondaba (climax)
d) Ukudeda (anticlimax)
e) Isiphetho (resolution) - Ingxabano loba ingxaki (conflict); luphawu olungumgogodla wendatshana. Lalo lulemihlobo etshiyeneyo
- Abalingiswa lokulingisa (characters and characterization)
- Indikimba (theme)
- Umbono (point of view) lawo luphawu olulembaxa ezinenginengi
- Ulimi lobuciko bokubika